Electrical Conductivity Breakthrough Experiment and Immobile Water Estimation in Organic Substrates: Is <i>R</i> = 1 a Realistic Assumption?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Core Ideas Breakthrough of NaCl in peat shows that R may differ from 1. Immobile water in peat is difficult to estimate because of NaCl sorption. Solute sorption in peat varies because of uncoiling of organic components. Measuring electrical conductivity (EC) in outflow breakthrough curves (BTCs) is an approach commonly used to define transport parameters because it is rapid, inexpensive, and reliable. Earlier work has raised questions regarding the assumption that the retardation factor may be set at R = 1 when using EC as a tracer in organic soils. This study investigates the breakthrough of a NaCl tracer in a peat–sawdust mixture leached with distilled water. The results show that in such system, R may significantly differ from 1 because of sorption of Na + and Cl − by peat with the R value estimated by batch experiments to reach 1.9 for Na + and 1.5 for Cl − . The sorption properties may vary during solute transport because of uncoiling of humic and fulvic components with decreasing ionic strength of the solution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".