Land, Property and Assimilation of Culture : First Nations Property Ownership Initiative
Bibliographic record
Abstract
IntroductionThe spiritual attachment and relationship to ancestral land and territories, and the collective stewardship and usage of those lands and their resources, are understood as the key to which continued cultural existence of many Indigenous peoples is possible.The concept of terra nullius, vastly employed in Canada during the colonizing era, enabled the settler governments and populations to view vast tracts of land as 'uninhabited' and 'empty' , therefore being in need of settlement and development.Native people were moved and relocated to boundaried areas (Native 1 reserves in Canada), often far away from their ancestral lands, in areas that were not targeted for colonial settlement.Indigenous social relations and ways of governance were changed in order to be more in line with the settler governments.As a result, lineage was invariably reformed to be patrilineal, women lost their position in governance (Ladner, 2009), and kinship ties between families were dissuaded and severed through institutions of cultural assimilation such as residential schools.Through government policy reserve property was originally denied to women and reallocated to male heads of households (Deveaux, 2006;Smith, 2005) and Indian women still do not have legal matrimonial rights to property on many reserve lands (Alcantara, 2006).These dramatic impositions, designed to 'civilize' Native peoples, in turn contributed to the ability of the colonial governments to dispossess them from their lands.The loss of traditional lands and access to them through imperial advancement, as well as colonial legislation and policy, has had devastating and persistent effects on the lifestyle, governance, land rights and sustainability of Indigenous communities all over Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.011 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".