Stefan's Problem: Validation of a One-Dimensional Solid-Liquid Phase Change Heat Transfer Process
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: One way of storing thermal energy is through the use of latent heat energy storage systems. One of the thermal/energy processes that needs to be properly modeled in designing such system is the transient latent heat storage encountered during phase change of the material used. This paper presents a numerical validation of such a process encountered in a simple geometry defined in Stefan's problem, where heat transfer by conduction and phase change are the only two processes present. It is shown that the physical processes encountered can be modeled numerically using COMSOL Multiphysics with a modification of the specific heat of the PCM accounting for the increase amount of energy, in the form of latent heat, needed to melt the PCM over its melting temperature range. This modification enables the simulation of the behavior of the melting front. The effects of the PCM melting temperature range, i.e., the presence of a mushy region, is also investigated and compared to the analytical solution obtained for Stefan's problem.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".