Study of static lateral behavior of battered pile group foundation at I-10 Twin Span Bridge using three-dimensional finite element modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this study, the static lateral behavior of a battered pile group foundation was investigated using three-dimensional finite element (FE) analysis. The FE model was used to simulate the static lateral load test that was performed during the construction of the I-10 Twin Span Bridge over Lake Pontchartrain, La., in which two adjacent bridge piers were pulled against each other. The pier of interest was supported by 24, 1:6 batter, 34 m long piles in a 6 × 4 row configuration. The FE model of the battered pile group was developed in Abaqus and verified using the results from the field test. The model utilized an advanced constitutive model for concrete, which allowed distinct behavior in tension and compression, and introduced damage to the concrete stiffness. The soil domain comprised of several layers in which the constitutive behavior of clay layers was modeled using the anisotropic modified Cam-clay (AMCC) model, and for sands using the elastic perfectly plastic Drucker–Prager (DP) model. FE results showed good agreement with the results of the lateral load test in terms of lateral deformations and bending moments. The results showed that the middle rows carried a larger share of lateral load than the first and the last rows. The pile group resisted a maximum lateral load of 2494 t at which the piles were damaged within a 6 m zone from the bottom of the pile cap. The edge piles carried larger internal forces and exhibited more damage compared to the inner piles. The soil resistance profiles showed that soil layering influenced the distribution of resistance between the soil layers. A series of p–y curves were extracted from the FE model, and then used to study the influence of the group effect on the soil resistance. The p–y curves showed that the group effect reduced the soil resistance in all rows, with the lowest resistance in the third row. Finally, the p-multipliers were calculated using the extracted p–y curves, and compared to the reported p-multipliers for vertical pile groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".