Morphological and Genetic Reappraisal of the<i>Orius</i>Fauna of the Western United States (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Examination of minute pirate bugs, <it>Orius</it> spp. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), from a broad geographic range in the western United States prompted a reappraisal of the taxonomic composition of the fauna native to the western United States and Canada. Current syntheses and catalogs list three species of <it>Orius</it> native to this region. In a previous study, we showed how geographic variation in external traits of one of these species, <it>Orius diespeter</it> Herring, 1966, had led to mistakes in identification of species within this complex. More extensive collecting efforts have now led to the discovery of specimens having traits not fully consistent with descriptions of any described species. We provisionally categorized these unresolved specimens into one of eight phenotypic groups based upon combinations of body size, visual appearance of genitalia, association with specific plant taxa, and geographic source. Genitalia from 382 specimens were then measured to determine whether phenotypic groupings were confirmed by statistical analysis of genitalic morphology. Principal components analysis showed that size and shape of the male’s paramere differed among phenotypes. The paramere of unresolved specimens often diverged from the paramere of described species. Length of the female’s copulatory tube differed between several of the unresolved phenotypes and described species. Analysis of DNA sequences showed that five of the eight phenotypes diverged genetically from other phenotypes and from described species. DNA sequence data did not separate two described species (<it>Orius tristicolor</it> (White, 1879) and <it>Orius harpocrates</it> Herring, 1966), suggesting that these two species are a single species. The combined morphological and genetic evidence indicates that the <it>Orius</it> fauna of the western United States is composed of a mix of two described species and possibly five undescribed cryptic species. We summarize the known distributions of described and cryptic undescribed species, and discuss the implications of our work for the biological control community.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it