Catalyst Deactivation in Slurry-Phase Residue Hydroconversion
Bibliographic record
Abstract
MoS 2 catalysts used in slurry-phase hydroconversion of bitumen deactivate when the solid coke–catalyst recovered from the product is recycled in a semi-batch reactor operated at high residue conversion (445 °C and 13.8 MPa H 2 ). The catalyst deactivation, manifested by an increasing coke yield, is dependent upon the MoS 2 concentration in the recycled coke–catalyst and the age of the coke in the reactor. Characterization data show significant changes in the chemical and physical properties of the coke when recycled under hydroconversion conditions. In particular, with increased recycling, the coke becomes more graphitic with a decreased H/C ratio and an increased aromatic/aliphatic carbon ratio. Model ex situ coke aging experiments, conducted in He at 700 °C for 15 h, were used to confirm that changes in the chemical properties of the recovered coke determined the extent of catalyst deactivation, whereas morphological changes were less important. On the basis of these results, a model of the catalyst deactivation mechanism during recycling is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".