Bibliographic record
Abstract
This work follows successful research by staff members at Forintek Canada Corp. in modifying and extending phenol-formaldehyde (PF) plywood resins with powdered tree foliages and barks. In the present study, two urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins, one commercial and one laboratory synthesized, were modified at 15, 30 and 45% addition levels with finely ground white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench.) Voss] foliage or western hemlock [Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.] bark. Two five-ply Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga mensiezii (Mirb.) Franco] test plywood panels (38 x 38 cm) were made at 32kg/l00 m² double glueline spread level, six and ten min pressing time at 149°C. The commercial and laboratory synthesized wheat flour extended UF resins were used as controls. Shear strengths and wood failure percentages were recorded for sets of test specimens after conditioning at 22°C and EMC of about 6% (Dry test), one vacuum pressure cycle, five vacuum pressure cycles and boiling cycle. Most formulations with the commercial UF resin containing foliage or bark yielded good bond quality (wood failure and shear strength) similar to the control when tested dry and after one vacuum pressure cycle. Following multi-cycle testing, one formulation containing foliage gave similar wood failure percentage to the control. Two formulations containing bark improved glue bond durability yielding 3 to 12% higher wood failure than the control. Results with the laboratory resin were not as good, showing bond quality lower than with the commercial UF formulation. No formulation survived boiling treatment implying that no modification among those used improved UF resin durability under conditions of high moisture and-temperature. Both UF resins were successfully extended by various foliage and bark additions. It was found that both materials can be used as partial substitutes for the conventional extender wheat flour up to the 40% level. This information may be of use to some developing countries that import wheat to flour-extended UF resins used to bond interior grade plywoods. Such countries could benefit by making use of local tree foliages or barks.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".