Phase Stability of Auditory Steady State Responses in Newborn Infants
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Brief Objectives: This study examined the phases of auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) evoked by exponentially amplitude-modulated (AM2) tones in 44 newborn infants (within 3 days of birth) and in 15 older infants (within 3 to 15 wks of birth). Our hypothesis was that the phases of the ASSRs would show orderly changes with modulation rate/carrier frequency and that this stability could be used with phase-biasing statistical techniques to augment response detection. Design: Multiple ASSRs were recorded to four modulated tonal carriers with intensities of 50 dB SPL, which were combined and presented simultaneously. The carriers of 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz were modulated at rates between 78 and 95 Hz. Recordings lasted 12.3 mins. Data were analyzed offline with particular attention to phase and its possible exploitation in response detection using a phase-weighted t test (PWT). Population normative phase values were compared with self-normative values. The latter uses phase estimates from ASSRs that are detected at an earlier time to estimate expected phases of ASSRs, which have not yet been detected. This was implemented as an interstimulus phase-weighted t test (iPWT). A secondary analysis compared using fixed test durations where data were evaluated once at the end of the recording with variable test durations where data were evaluated after every sweep. Results: Average phases were not statistically different between the newborn and older infants. The mean ASSR phases across both infant groups were 10°, 36°, 83°, and 110° in the left ear and 78°, 97°, 135°, and 138° in the right ear for the four modulated carriers, respectively. Of a total of 172 detected ASSRs across the four carriers, 63% (109/172), 84% (144/172), and 99% (170/172) of the phase values fell within ±30°, ±45°, and ±90° of the population mean values, respectively. Self-normative phase values were slightly closer to actual measured phases, than population normative values. Compared with the F test, with a fixed duration, the iPWT technique did slightly better (71.7% versus 77.1% detected). Compared with the F test, with variable test duration, test time was reduced using the iPWT technique for normal and weighted averaging by 4 and 2.9 sweeps (66 and 48 secs), respectively, while false-positive rates were maintained. Compared with tests that relied on the F-ratio and a fixed time of 12.3 mins, using variable test times and the iPWT approach resulted in a halving of test time, while slightly improving comparable ASSR detection rates (66.7% versus 72.5%). An inter-ear average phase difference of 52° was found, which was not accounted for by modulation rates used for left/right ears. Converting phase to latency yielded similar results to prior studies. Conclusions: The phase responses of ASSRs evoked by AM2 tones are stable in newborn and young infants. When using the multiple auditory steady state response (MASTER) technique, it is possible to employ phase-biasing methods to reduce test time and increase detection rates. Using self-normative intrastimulus phase difference values provides better estimated phases than average population phases for purposes of response detection. This study examined phases of auditory steady state responses (ASSRs) evoked by exponentially amplitude-modulated (AM2) tones in 44 newborns (<3 days) and 15 older infants (3 to 15 wks). ASSR phases showed orderly changes with modulation rate/carrier frequency. This phase stability enables phase-biasing statistics to improve response detection. Compared with F-ratio detection, phase-biasing methods improved detection rates (71.7% versus 77.1%) for fixed-duration tests of 12.3 mins. Variable test times permitted halving of test time, with phase biasing again improving ASSR detection compared with F-ratio (72.5% versus 66.7%). Infant phases are sufficiently stable that phase biasing can serve to improve ASSR testing.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".