Observations Regarding the Nature of Oil-Water Phase Inversion and Instability in Laminar Flow Through Circular Tubes Containing Static Mixers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Liquid-liquid emulsions will undergo a phase inversion, in which the dispersed phase becomes the continuous phase and vice versa, under certain conditions. A phase inversion is not a smooth transition and an emulsion close to the inversion point may oscillate back and forth between the oil-in-water (O/W) and water-in-oil (W/O) forms, creating flow instabilities that may be detrimental in certain industrial situations. The results of laboratory laminar flow experiments in which an aqueous and an organic liquid phase are emulsified as they flow through a circular tube containing a commercial high-shear static mixer are discussed. As the concentration of the dispersed phase and/or its flow rate is increased, flow instabilities are initiated in the test-section and are measured as fluctuations in pressure drop. The intensity of these fluctuations reaches a maximum as the liquid-liquid system approaches the phase inversion point. Once a stable phase inversion is achieved, the fluctuations subside. This phenomenon was observed over a wide range of viscosity ratios for the two liquid phases, but was absent for low viscosity ratios and low-shear static mixers.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".