A history of the American Association of oral and maxillofacial surgeons
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Before independence of the USA, diagnosis and treatment, including surgical operations of oral and maxillofacial lesions were performed by medical doctors of European emigrants and their American disciples. The first American dental school was founded in 1840 and exodontia was established to be the core of most educational programs in oral surgery for almost 100 years. The earliest American dental schools did not contribute to the development of oral surgery. The Journal of Oral Surgery, which was the first specialized journal of oral surgery in the USA, was published in 1943 by the American Dental Association.Many emigrants played an important role in upgrading educational programs in oral and maxillofacial surgery, including AJ Asgis (Russia), RH Ivey (1881 UK), VH Kazamjan, (1879 Armenia), CW Waldrom (1887 Canada), and K Thoma (1883 Switzerland). In 1938 Asgis emphasized the importance of including basic sciences in American dental education programs. The same opinion was asserted by Thoma in 1957. These opinions stressed that the educational programs of American dentistry should include basic sciences. Lack of knowledge about basic sciences would be unsuitable for dental medicine and might impair the development of oral and maxillofacial surgery.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.009 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".