Paleoclimate Shaped Bluefish Structure in the Northern Hemisphere
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix), a highly migratory cosmopolitan predator, is the only extant representative of the family Pomatomidae. It has been the subject of many studies due to its commercial and recreational value, but much less research has been conducted on its global population structure. Here we investigate the population structure of this species and the effects of present and past oceanographic barriers to dispersal in its North Atlantic, Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black sea populations. We employed mitochondrial (cytochrome b and cytochrome oxidase subunit I genes) and nuclear (eight microsatellite loci) DNA as molecular markers. Three main genetic units of Bluefish were identified: American (West Atlantic waters), Spanish (East Atlantic–Western Mediterranean regions), and Turkish (Eastern Mediterranean, Marmara, and Black seas). Our results suggested that Bluefish is panmictic in the northwest Atlantic Ocean but not in the Mediterranean Sea. The common ancestor of the studied populations was traced back to the interglacial cycle Aftonian II, and the separation between clades was estimated to have occurred during glacial periods, likely due to migrations to refuges and the closure of the Mediterranean Sea. In conclusion, paleoclimate seems to have been fundamental for shaping the present genetic lineages of Pomatomus saltatrix. RESUMEN la anjova (Pomatomus saltatrix), un depredador cosmopolita y altamente migratorio, es el único representante vivo de la familia Pomatomidae. Ha sido sujeto de numerosos estudios dado su valor comercial y recreativo, pero poco se sabe acerca de su estructura poblacional a nivel mundial. En este trabajo se investiga la estructura poblacional de esta especie y los efectos que tienen las barreras oceanográficas pasadas y presentes en la dispersión de sus poblaciones hacia el Atlántico Norte, Mediterráneo, Mármara y Mar Negro. Se utilizó ADN mitocondrial (citocromo b y gen citocromo oxidasa subunidad I) y nuclear (ocho loci microsatélites) como marcadores moleculares. Se identificaron tres unidades genéticas principales en la anjova: americana (aguas del Atlántico oeste), española (regiones Atlántico este y Mediterráneo oeste) y turca (Mediterráneo este, Mármara y Mar Negro). Los resultados sugieren que la anjova es panmíctica en el noroeste del Atlántico pero no en el Mar Mediterráneo. El ancestro común de las poblaciones estudiadas se remonta al ciclo interglacial durante el Aftoniano II, y la separación entre clados se estima que ocurrió en periodos glaciales, muy posiblemente debido a las migraciones hacia refugios y al cierre del Mar Mediterráneo. En conclusión, el paleoclima parece haber sido un factor fundamental en cuanto a la determinación de las líneas genéticas actuales de Pomatomus saltatrix.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it