Survival of Gadwall and Mallard Ducklings in Southcentral Saskatchewan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent studies have reported considerable spatiotemporal variation in duckling survival. Using radiotelemetry, we monitored 114 mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) and 73 gadwall (A. strepera) brood-rearing females on St. Denis National Wildlife Area (SDNWA), Saskatchewan, Canada, during 1996 and 1997 and at Allan Hills (AH), Saskatchewan, Canada, during 1997 to (1) determine duckling survival, and (2) evaluate several hypotheses advanced to explain variation in survival. Overall, gadwall duckling survival to 30 days was greater than that of mallard ducklings. Additionally, initial brood size of gadwall was greater than mallard on SDNWA during 1996 and at AH during 1997; no difference was detected on SDNWA during 1997. When effects of initial brood size and duckling survival were combined, gadwalls typically produced more ducklings than mallards during all years and at all sites. Relative to previous studies, high survival rates and little variation in survival between years or study sites (1997), or with hatching date (both species), probably resulted from excellent wetland habitat conditions. Some studies have reported lower survival in broods that traveled farther overland to wetlands, but little support was obtained for this hypothesis. Likewise, no consistent intraspecific patterns existed between duckling survival and initial brood size, or indices of female body size and condition.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".