Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Tunable Carbohydrate-Based Materials for Sorption of Oil Sands Naphthenic Acids
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Synthetically engineered copolymers are receiving growing attention for sorption and possible degradation of components in oil sands processed water (OSPW). β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) copolymers, for example, have been shown in recent studies of electrospray ionization (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) to adsorb oil sands naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). Herein, we report complementary results for atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) for characterization of NAFCs in OSPW samples following sorption with cyclodextrin-based copolymers. The materials investigated were β-CD-cross-linked with three different types of diisocyanates, namely, (i) 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, (ii) 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, and (iii) 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate. The APPI studies revealed variable sorption for a complementary range of NAFCs with compound classes not detected by ESI. For example, sorption was observed for new classes of NAFCs: HC, N 1 O 1, N 1 O 2, N 1 O 3, N 1 O 4, N 1 O 5, N 2 O 1, N 2 O 2, and N 2 O 3, from OSPW in accordance with the nature of the cross-linker unit of the copolymer and the structure of the NAFCs. Sorption of NAFCs in general was more pronounced for β-CD copolymers cross-linked with 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, particularly for the O 2 class that was amenable to negative-ion APPI detection. In contrast to the 75% attenuation of O 2 species observed for sorption to the copolymer cross-linked with 4,4′-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, little or no sorption was observed for the O 2 series with positive-ion APPI. The O 2 series is presumably mixtures of classical naphthenic acids and dihydroxy components with a range of different structures. The complementary nature of the APPI and the prior ESI results contribute further to the quality and understanding of the sorption mechanism of the copolymers.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".