Bibliographic record
Abstract
In 1874, the imperial government of Russia enacted the universal conscription law as a part of the general military reform. The legislation imposing military service on all adult male subjects was of much concern to the Russian Mennonites, who had been granted the privilege of exemption from military service since their settlement in Novorosiia. The government tried to persuade Mennonites to stay in the Russian Empire by allowing them to choose noncombatant services instead of those involving carrying the arms, but adhered to the principle of universal conscription. Disagreeing with this policy, seven thousand Russian Mennonites left for Manitoba, Canada, where military service was voluntary. The Canadian government welcomed their settlement by granting favorable conditions for their immigration. The provincial government of Manitoba, however, was not always friendly to the newcomers. In the 1890s, the secularization policy in public education perplexed Mennonites, although during this period the growing demand for the agrarian labor force alleviated xenophobia in the Canadian society. As the World War One approached, anti-German sentiment heightened in both Canada and Russia. The German-speaking Mennonites suffered from this hostile atmosphere in both countries. At times elected governments influenced by such ethnic prejudice were less active in protecting the minority groups than omnipotent governor-generals of the Imperial Russia. The historical overview of Mennonites in Russia and Canada shows that social and political conditions for a certain minority group in a country need to be discussed, first of all, based on the factual analysis of such factors as the country's ethnic composition and national consciousness, the stage of economic development, state-church relations, and politico-administrative system of sub-national regions and, secondly, on the comparative study of different combinations of those factors. That would help to attain a less biased approach to understanding of the governmental policies on the minority groups in a historical perspective.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.036 | 0.020 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".