Peak Stress in the Annulus Fibrosus Under Cyclic Biaxial Tensile Loading
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Numerous in vitro studies have examined the initiation and propagation of fatigue injury pathways in the annulus fibrosus (AF) using isolated motion segments; however, the cycle-varying changes to the AF under cyclic biaxial tensile loading conditions have yet to be examined. Therefore, the primary objective of this study was to characterize the cycle-varying changes in peak tensile stress in multilayer AF tissue samples within a range of physiologically relevant loading conditions at subacute magnitudes of tissue stretch up to 100 loading cycles. A secondary aim was to examine whether the stress-relaxation response would be different across loading axes (axial and circumferential) and whether this response would vary across regions of the intervertebral disk (IVD) (anterior and posterior-lateral). The results from the study demonstrate that several significant interactions emerged between independent factors that were examined in the study. Specifically, a three-way interaction between the radial location, magnitude of peak tissue stretch, and cycle rate (p = 0.0053) emerged. Significant two-way interactions between the magnitude of tissue stretch and cycle number (p < 0.0001) and the magnitude of tissue stretch and loading axis (p < 0.0001) were also observed. These findings are discussed in the context of known mechanisms for structural damage, which have been linked to fatigue loading in the IVD (e.g., cleft formation, radial tearing, increased neutral zone, disk bulging, and loss of intradiscal pressure).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".