Airflow obstruction is associated with increased smooth muscle extracellular matrix
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Increased thickness of the airway smooth muscle (ASM) layer is a characteristic feature of airway remodelling in both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) [1, 2]. The composition of the ASM layer has been well studied in asthma where the increased thickness of the ASM layer is due to hypertrophy and/or hyperplasia [3–5] of ASM cells. These changes are associated with a concomitant increase in absolute volumes of both ASM and extracellular matrix (ECM), without changes in their relative volume fractions [5]. Although ASM cell hypertrophy has been reported in the large airways of patients with COPD [6], these findings did not exclude the effect of an increase in the volume fraction of ECM on the estimated average volume of the ASM cells [7]. Remodelling of the layer of airway smooth muscle in COPD is characterised by an increase in the extracellular matrix Funding provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia (513842 and 1063068) and Sir Charles Gairdner and Osborne Park Health Care Group Research Advisory Committee and Charlies Foundation for Research (APP1045674). Peter B. Noble's salary was provided by a Career Development Fellowship from the NHMRC of Australia (1045824).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".