All-optical AND gate using Kerr nonlinear microresonators
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We consider all-optical switching in the device shown in Figure la, which consists of two channel waveguides coupled by microresonators, all of which are Kerr nonlinear. We present numerical simulations that show that it is possible to use the channels as input ports, hence creating an optical AND gate based on a scheme similar to coupled gap soliton formation, even in the presence of linear and nonlinear loss mechanisms. The advantage of our AND gate scheme over earlier proposed schemes based on Bragg gaps is twofold1,2: First, our gate is much shorter than those based on Bragg gaps; second, the threshold energy required for operation is much smaller than in a Bragg gap system. The basic operation of the gate is as follows. Forward travelling light in the bottom (top) channel guide can couple, via the resonators, to backward travelling light in the top (bottom) guide3,4. For simplicity we assume that light propagation is governed by the effective index neff, common to both channel guides and the resonator. We define the resonant frequency, ωr = c/(neffR)-the frequency at which one round-tri through the resonator corresponds to the accumulatio of 2π of phase. Light with frequency at or near an integer multiple of ωr is highly reflected, because th coupling of light from one channel guide to the othe is resonantly enhanced. In the presence of nonlinearity, light of high intensity will experience nonlinear phase accumulation through self phase modulation (SPM) and cross phase modulation (CPM). We consider the situation where one pulse of high intensity injected into either the top or bottom channel is reflected, despite its SPM. However, whe accumulation due to CPM will be sufficient to switch off the resonance, so that the structure becomes highly transmitting. For our system, the coefficient describing CPM is twice as large as that describing SPM, whereas in schemes based on orthogonal polarization the CPM coefficient is only two-thirds of the SPM coefficient1; this makes our scheme more efficient than one based on polarization.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".