First Year Ice Rubble: Shear Resistance and Rock Berm Interaction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Typical rock berms used to protect submarine pipelines may be damaged under shear by a first year grounded ice rubble keel. Physical model tests in a centrifuge have indicated that such damage occurs under loads less than those typical of actual design conditions. These novel tests have reproduced both failures of the rock berm and identified failure criteria for the ice rubble. The tests are of a preliminary nature given the discrete, rather than continuum, nature of the interaction event. The model freshwater ice rubble behaved as a frictional granular material under the shear test conditions with a peak friction angle of 38 degrees. Measured ice rubble shear strengths exceeded 65 kPa. First year freshwater ice rubble large scale tests were conducted as part of the Pipeline Ice Risk Assessment and Mitigation (PIRAM) and Development of Ice Ridge Keel Strength (DIRKS) Joint Industry Projects. New finite element analyses of the PIRAM test set up indicate the boundary constraints on the test results. The measured PIRAM ice rubble shear strengths exceeded 35 kPa. The first two test series indicate that ice rubble shear strength may exceed currently accepted design limits.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".