Changes in Nutrient Plant Availability in Loam and Sandy Clay Loam Soils after Wood Fly and Bottom Ash Amendment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wood ash has the potential to be an auxiliary fertilizing material. The effect of growing application of the ash derived from woody biomass (representing both fly and bottom ash) on Ca, K, P, and Mg to plant availability in four soils (two loam and two sandy clay loam soils) was investigated. Additives were applied to soils at two rates (1 and 5% w/w) and incubated for 0, 14, 28, and 56 d. Plant‐available element concentrations extractable via Mehlich 3 solution were determined using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F‐AAS) and inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP–OES). The ashes were also characterized using x‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results, supported by the statistical linear mixed‐effect model, indicated the significant increase of plant‐available nutrient portions in all soils with an increasing ash rate. In addition, the other factors, such as incubation time and soil properties (especially pH, content of clay, and organic C), determined nutrient plant availability in our experiment. In the case of Ca, clay content was a more determining factor for plant availability than organic C content in soils. Concretely, the decrease of plant‐available Ca after ash enrichment was slower in soils with a high clay content than in soils with a high organic C content. Based on our results, wood ash should be applied on soils at least in rate 5% w/w and soils should be characterized before ash addition for the best wood ash fertilizing effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".