CORROSION MINERALOGY OF COMMON BIRD SHOT TYPES IN NORTH CAROLINA, USA, ENVIRONMENTS
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study compared corrosion of lead, steel, copper-coated lead, tungsten-steel, and bismuth varieties of shot in different sedimentary and aquatic environments in North Carolina. Sets of individual plastic vials containing all five types of shot were placed in the following environments: marine beach, marine dune/soil, barrier island lagoonal mud, saltwater, running (stream) freshwater above and below sediment surface, still (pond) freshwater above and below sediment surface, and forest soil and surface. After approximately 4.5 years exposure, samples were collected and analyzed with scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM/EDS) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). Samples that were placed in saltwater environments were the most severely corroded, while those in terrestrial or freshwater environments were much less corroded. Similarly, buried samples were generally more corroded than samples placed at or above the water table. Analyses reveal the production of Pb oxide, hydroxide, chloride, carbonate, sulfide, and sulfate compounds in lead and copper-coated lead shot. Steel and tungsten-steel shot exhibited a surface layer of Fe oxides/hydroxides. Bismuth shot and tungsten-steel shot showed little corrosion, limited to small amounts of oxide/chloride and oxide only in two of the sampled environments. In all shot types, 19 minerals and one non-mineral compound [Zn 4 (CO 3 )(OH) 6 •H 2 O] were identified as corrosion products.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".