Organic Free Radicals in Clathrate Hydrates Investigated by Muon Spin Spectroscopy
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Very little is known about the behavior of free H atoms and small organic radicals inside clathrate hydrate structures despite the relevance of such species to combustion of hydrocarbon hydrates. Muonium is an H atom analog, essentially a light isotope of hydrogen, and can be used to probe the chemistry of H atoms and transient free radicals. We demonstrate the first application of muon spin spectroscopy to characterize radicals in clathrate hydrates. Atomic muonium was detected in hydrates of cyclopentane and tetrahydrofuran, and muoniated free radicals were detected in the hydrates of cyclopentene and 2,5-dihydrofuran, indicating rapid addition of muonium to the organic guest. Muon avoided level-crossing spectra of the radicals in hydrates are markedly different to those of the same radicals in pure organic liquids at the same temperature, and this can be explained by limited mobility of the enclathrated radicals, leading to anisotropy in the hyperfine interactions.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it