Damage to Residential Construction from the Tornadoes in Vaughan, Ontario, on August 20, 2009
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results of a detailed damage investigation of the two tornadoes in Vaughan, Ontario, which were part of the 19 tornadoes in the outbreak of August 20, 2009, are presented. The bulk of the damage in both tornadoes consisted of structural roof failures categorized as F1 on the Fujita Scale and EF1 on the Enhanced Fujita Scale. However, multiple houses in both tornadoes suffered total roof failure, which is F2 (or EF2). It was observed that the total roof failures were all due to either internal pressurization and or weak (or non-existent) roof-to-wall connections. Since internal pressures are likely to be larger than external pressures for these single family residences, it is argued that the total roof failure occurred under wind speed conditions associated with a lower degree of damage, such that actual wind speeds are like those in EF1 in these particular tornadoes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".