Fracture Toughness of X100 Pipe Girth Welds Using SE(T) and SE(B) Tests
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Extensive single-edge notched tension (SE(T)) and single-edge notched bend (SE(B)) tests were performed to apply the SE(T) procedure developed at CANMET and the standard SE(B) procedure of ASTM E1820 to pipeline girth welds as a contribution to a broader project on strain-based design (SBD) for pipeline girth weld integrity. Specimens were precracked from the pipe inner surface to target lengths of 3 and 6 mm to represent surface-breaking weld flaws of single- and double-pass height, respectively. It was found that resistance curves for weld metal (WM) were much lower than those for base metal (BM) or heat affected zone (HAZ) specimens even though the WM strength overmatched the BM, owing to effects from the WM microstructure. The small crack-tip opening angle observed in post-test WM specimens was consistent with the low crack propagation resistance, which in turn results in small tearing resistance, TR. In general, toughness decreases with increase in initial crack length. J values and tearing resistance are found to be influenced by loading mode; toughness is higher in tension, SE(T), than in bending, SE(B) for a given crack length and test temperature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".