Responses to Rapid Social Change: Populist Religion in the Philippines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Introduction Recent publications with titles such as “Christianity Re-Born: The Global Expansion of Evangelicalism in the Twentieth Century,”1 “The Next Christendom. The Coming of Global Christianity”2 and “Charismatic Christianity as a Global Culture” 3 reflect the fact that Christianity in its Evangelical and Pentecostal/Charismatic version is gaining ground worldwide. According to the World Christian Encyclopedia, these strands of Christianity accounted for 4.5 percent of all Christians in the mid-1970s and for 11.8 percent in 1995. The greatest increase in Pentecostals/Charismatics and, to a lesser extent, Evangelicals has taken place in Africa and Latin America. In Africa the percentage of Pentecostals/Charismatics rose from 4.8 percent of the population in the mid-1970s to 15.9 percent in 1995. The share of Evangelicals increased during the same period from 4.6 percent to 8.8 percent. The figures for Latin America are equally impressive: Pentecostals/ Charismatics multiplied from 4.4 percent in mid-1970 to 27.1 percent in 1995 and Evangelicals doubled from 3.4 to 7.6 percent. In Asia the success story is one of Pentecostal/Charismatic Christianity, as its share rose from 0.5 percent in the mid-1970s to 3.6 percent in 1995, while the Evangelicals remained virtually unchanged at 0.5 and 0.8 percent, respectively.4
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".