Validation of the Korean Version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the adapted Korean version of the Quebec Back Pain Disability Scale (QDS). SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: The Korean version of the QDS has not been validated. METHODS: Translation/retranslation of the English version of QDS was conducted, and all steps of the cross-cultural adaptation process were performed. The Korean version of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) measure of pain, QDS and the previously validated Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) were mailed to 100 consecutive patients with chronic low back pain of at least 3 months duration. Eighty patients responded to the first mailing of questionnaires and 59 of the first time responder returned their second survey. The average age of the 59 patients (39 female, 20 male) was 48.0 years. Reliability assessment was determined by estimating κ statistics of agreement for each item, the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Cronbach α. Concurrent and construct validity was evaluated by comparing the responses of QDS with the results of VAS and responses of ODI and SF-36 by using the Pearson correlation coefficient. RESULTS: The constructed Bland Altman plot showed a good reliability. All items had a κ statistics of agreement > 0.6. The QDS showed excellent test/retest reliability as evidenced by the high ICC for both assessments (ICC = 0.9094; P < 0.001). Internal consistency was found to be very good at both assessments with the Cronbach α (0.9172 and 0.9319 at first and second assessments, respectively). The QDS was correlated with the VAS (r = 0.647; P < 0.001 and r = 0.609; P < 0.001 at first and second assessments, respectively) and with the ODI (r = 0.718; P < 0.001 and r = 0.690; P < 0.001, respectively). The Korean version of the QDS showed a good significant correlation with functional scales of SF-36. CONCLUSIONS: The adapted Korean version of the QDS was successfully translated and showed acceptable measurement properties, and as such, is considered suitable for outcome assessments in the Korean-speaking patients with low back pain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.010 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".