Fluorescence Activation Imaging of Cytochrome c Released from Mitochondria Using Aptameric Nanosensor
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We have developed an aptameric nanosensor for fluorescence activation imaging of cytochrome c (Cyt c). Fluorescence imaging tools that enable visualization of key molecular players in apoptotic signaling are essential for cell biology and clinical theranostics. Cyt c is a major mediator in cell apoptosis. However, fluorescence imaging tools allowing direct visualization of Cyt c translocation in living cells have currently not been realized. We report for the first time the realization of a nanosensor tool that enables direct fluorescence activation imaging of Cyt c released from mitochondria in cell apoptosis. This strategy relies on spatially selective cytosolic delivery of a nanosensor constructed by assembly of a fluorophore-tagged DNA aptamer on PEGylated graphene nanosheets. The cytosolic release of Cyt c is able to dissociate the aptamer from graphene and trigger an activated fluorescence signal. The nanosensor is shown to exhibit high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, large signal-to-background ratio for in vitro, and intracellular detection of Cyt c. It also enables real-time visualization of the Cyt c release kinetics and direct identification of the regulators for apoptosis. The developed nanosensor may provide a very valuable tool for apoptotic studies and catalyze the fundamental interrogations of Cyt c-mediated biology.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it