HIV Testing among Canadian Tuberculosis Cases from 1997 to 1998
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent evidence suggests a global rise in adult tuberculosis (TB) cases associated with HIV/AIDS. The World Health Organization, the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Public Health Agency of Canada advocate universal screening of all TB cases for HIV. The contribution of HIV to the TB burden in Canada remains unclear. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all TB cases reported in Canada from 1997 to 1998. The aim was to determine the proportion of patients that had an HIV test on record, and of these, the number of patients infected with HIV. RESULTS: From 1997 to 1998, 3767 TB cases were reported to the national TB surveillance system. In the present study, 3416 case records (90.7%) were included. The number of cases with a record of an HIV test was 736 (21.5%), and of these, 41.2% were tested within one month of TB diagnosis. Among the 703 cases with known HIV test results, the prevalence of HIV infection was 14.7%. Cases with an HIV test on record were more likely to have one or more risk factors for HIV, and also were more likely to be male, aged 15 to 49 years, of Aboriginal ethnicity, and to have smear-positive TB and both pulmonary and extrapulmonary disease at the time of diagnosis. DISCUSSION: These results suggest that HIV testing of TB patients is not universal, but rather selective, and is likely based on perceived risk factors for HIV as opposed to TB diagnosis alone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".