Plasticity of European flounder life history patterns discloses alternatives to catadromy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
European flounder Platichthys flesus life history patterns were investigated in 3 basins along a latitudinal gradient (Minho, N Portugal; Gironde, SW France; Seine, N France). We used coupled Sr:Ca and Ba:Ca otolith signatures and microstructure to retrospectively determine habitats occupied by flounder during their life, including early larval ontogeny. Flounder exhibited high life history plasticity among and even within basins, apparent by the diversity of habitats used during larval ontogeny and throughout their lives, and by the age at which flounder migrated to freshwater. Egg signatures probably had a strong maternal influence, and our interpretation suggests that flounder spawned and/or hatched predominantly in brackish waters in the Minho, while in the Gironde and Seine, flounder spawned and/or hatched either in coastal, brackish or freshwater environments. The freshwater egg signature was most frequent in the Seine. These interpretations contradict the current general assumption that flounder spawn exclusively in coastal waters. During pre-metamorphosis and metamorphosis, flounder were predominantly in brackish waters in the Minho, while in the Gironde and Seine, they were mainly in coastal and freshwater environments, respectively. The diversity of flounder life histories (LH) (i.e. sequence of habitat residence: freshwater, brackish or coastal) after metamorphosis was similar between the Minho (LH = 13), Gironde (LH = 13) and Seine (LH = 14) basins. The age at which flounder migrated to freshwater also varied among sites, at an earlier age in the Minho and Gironde (< 0.5 yr old) than in the Seine, where flounder migrating from the coast into freshwater reached maximum frequencies at age 1.3 yr old. Thus, catadromy in European flounder may be facultative, and the factors influencing flounder high LH plasticity deserve thorough research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.022 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".