Surfactant–Ligand Design for <i>ab Initio</i> Emulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report an ab initio emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) based on micellar nucleation. A surfactant–ligand (SL) was designed and synthesized for this purpose. The SL design was an amphiphilic macromolecule, and it acted as the surfactant for micelle formation and as the ligand for ATRP catalyst. The micelles were converted into to polymer particles with both water-soluble and oil-soluble initiators. The micellar nucleation mechanism was confirmed by the growth of polymer particles during polymerization, in comparison to a control experiment without SL addition. It was also found that diffusion-controlled deactivation inside particles occurred, which broadened the polymer molecular weight distribution. Adding a small amount of free catalyst significantly improved the molecular weight control. The polymers resulting from the ab initio emulsion ATRP were proven living by chain extension experiments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".