<sup>13</sup>C NMR chemical shift calculations of charged surfactants in water — A combined density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) methodological study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Structural and magnetic properties of one anionic and one cationic amphiphile molecule (sodium octanoate and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride, respectively) in water are studied comparing different methods to account for the presence of the solvent. Calculated 13 C NMR chemical shifts are used as the probe for accuracy of the theoretical electronic structures obtained with different descriptions of the surfactants in water solution. The best agreement with the experimental data are obtained by averaging 13 C NMR isotropic chemical shifts over a large number of conformational structures of sodium octanoate while considering the electronic structure of the solvent molecules. The 13 C chemical shift values of the hexadecyltrimethylammonium alkane chain are systematically overestimated by 10–15 ppm even if an extensive conformational sampling and water as the polarized continuum medium have been taken into consideration. The role of the basis set quality has been studied and discussed as well.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".