Association Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Asthma Morbidity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is common among people with asthma, but its association with asthma morbidity remains unexplored. This study examined cross-sectional associations between GAD and asthma control, quality of life, and self-efficacy. Methods: Seven hundred ninety-four adults with confirmed asthma were recruited from the outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Patients underwent a sociodemographic and medical history interview (to assess health service use and medications), followed by a brief psychiatric interview (Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders) to assess GAD. Patients completed questionnaires assessing asthma control, quality of life, and asthma self-efficacy and underwent spirometry. General linear models and logistic regression were used to assess associations between GAD and asthma morbidity measures, adjusting for covariates. Results: GAD affected 4% of the sample. The analyses revealed significant associations between GAD and worse overall asthma control (β = 0.62, standard error [SE] = 0.18, p <.001), increased bronchodilator use (β = 10.60, SE = 2.64, p <.001), worse asthma quality of life (β = −0.91, SE = 0.23, p <.001), and worse asthma self-efficacy (β = −59.56, SE = 13.59, p <.001) after the adjustment for covariates. Separate sensitivity analyses including major depressive disorder and asthma self-efficacy as additional covariates rendered many of these associations nonsignificant. There were no associations between GAD and emergency visits or hospitalizations. Conclusions: GAD is associated with worse asthma morbidity independent of age, sex, smoking, and asthma severity; however, comorbid major depressive disorder and low asthma self-efficacy may account for many of these associations. Only breathlessness and the frequency of bronchodilator use were uniquely associated with GAD. Future research should examine whether treatment of GAD can affect asthma outcomes. ACQ = Asthma Control Questionnaire; ASES = Asthma Self-Efficacy Scale; ED = emergency department; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; GAD = generalized anxiety disorder; GLM = general linear model; ICC = intraclass correlation coefficient; ICS = inhaled corticosteroid; MDD = major depressive disorder; PD = panic disorder; PRIME-MD = Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".