Covenant of Care: Newark Beth Israel and the Jewish Hospital in America. By Alan M. Kraut and Deborah A. Kraut. (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2007. x, 304 pp. $37.95, ISBN 978-0-8135-3910-2.)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hospitals are complex entities. Examining the transformation of a northeastern urban Jewish hospital from its Progressive Era roots to its current incarnation as part of the St. Barnabas Health Care System, Alan M. Kraut and Deborah A. Kraut find constancy in the ability of Newark Beth Israel Hospital to adapt to new medical, economic, social, and demographic realities during the twentieth century. In the process, they argue, “the Beth” resisted being swallowed up by private for-profit health care systems and retained its Jewish identity and its urban location, while becoming a regional medical center in the metropolitan New York area. This institutional history (the Krauts were commissioned by the Jewish Historical Society of MetroWest) begins in the vibrant immigrant streets of Newark, New Jersey, where religious and charitable concerns formed a hospital for the neighborhood. Subsequently, Beth Israel survived many challenges: a variety of modernizing actions that threatened voluntary hospitals that were unaffiliated with a medical school; post-World War II bureaucratization; and suburban flight, mergers, the Diagnosis-Related Group (drg) system, and urban violence. Like many hospitals in the twentieth century, survival meant applying a rationalizing business model that emphasized efficiency, specialization, and even takeovers. That story is told through a straightforward narrative, albeit sometimes dizzying in its hospital jargon, and it will appeal to policy makers, who are invited to look at the past to inform future decisions about health care.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.008 | 0.008 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.006 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.036 | 0.006 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".