Simulation of Draft Forces of a Sweep in a Loamy Sand Soil Using the Discrete Element Method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Draft force is an important performance indicator of a soil-engaging tool as it affects the power requirement of the tool. In this study, draft forces of a sweep were measured in a loamy sand soil under different soil cutting depths and tool travel speeds. The measurements served the evaluation of a model developed using the Discrete Element Method (DEM) to simulate the soil cutting process of the sweep. In the model, soil particles were defined as spherical particles with bonds between particles to reflect the cohesive behaviour of agricultural soil. The model parameter, particle stiffness, was calibrated through comparing the simulated draft forces of the sweep with those predicted from the Universal Earthmoving Equation. The calibrated particle stiffness was 3x103 N/m for the loamy sand soil. The calibrated model was evaluated against measured draft forces. The simulated draft forces agreed well with the measured ones with a correlation coefficient of 0.8.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it