Evaluation of Chlorine Dioxide as an Oxidative Biocide for Hydraulic Fracturing in Western Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Effective microbiological control is a vital component of a successful fracturing stimulation. As the development of tight gas, shale and other unconventional resources increased, innovative hydraulic-fracture designs including linear gel, slickwater and hybrid treatments have grown in popularity. These designs often require significant volumes of water that originate from rivers, lakes and ponds as well as produced and flowback water. Frequently, these sources are infested with aerobic and anaerobic bacteria that can lead to degradation of fracturing chemicals, microbially influenced corrosion, hydrogen sulfide generation and other production problems. Control of bacterial growth may be accomplished through the use of biocides. Glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium-based surfactants are two of the most prevalent chemistries used in Canadian fracture fluids. Because of the inherent toxicity of biocide additives, the primary goal is to design a program that minimizes chemical usage while matching the total demand necessary to control and manage bacteria. Controlling bacteria means not only an effective kill at the surface before use, but also maintaining this control long term while the fracturing fluids are in contact with the reservoir. Oxidative biocides are an attractive treatment option because of the rapid kinetics of disinfection, the ability to provide excellent control of bacteria populations and the short residual lifetimes that do not persist in the flowback beyond a few days or hours. In addition, oxidizing biocides enable a concomitant reduction in the quantity of preservative biocides required to achieve long-term control. This paper reviews the efficacy of a chlorine dioxide-based biocide program used in hydraulic fracturing in central Alberta, Canada. The results of the bacteria enumerated from job site samples are presented, along with application methodologies and program design. It was observed that chlorine dioxide combined with a low concentration of preservative biocide can provide enhanced efficacy and reduce total chemical demand compared to conventional biocide treatments. Chlorine dioxide is approved for use as a biocide for hydraulic fracturing by the Canadian Pest Management Regulatory Authority (PMRA). Chlorine dioxide provides new opportunities to build more efficient hydraulic fracturing biocide programs.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".