Urinary Bladder Sinuses
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We described urinary bladder sinuses (UBS) in the urinary bladder, characterized by segmental mucosal with muscularis mucosa invaginations into the submucosa (superficial UBS) and muscularis propria (deep UBS). MATERIALS: Radical cystectomy specimens and transurethral resections of the bladder were reviewed. RESULTS: Superficial UBS (extending up to the submucosa) were distinguished from cystitis cystica, and deep UBS differed from embryonic remnants, intramural ureters, and diverticulum by their cleft-like structures lined by the urothelium. In transurethral resections of the bladder specimens and bladder biopsy specimens, superficial UBS were identified in 13/20 cases. In radical cystectomy specimens, superficial UBS were identified in 15/50 cases, whereas deep UBS (all with associated superficial UBS) were seen in 23/50 additional cases. Deep UBS limited to the inner quarter of the muscularis propria and only reached the level of the inner third outer/middle third of the muscularis propria in 5 cases. Intraepithelial neoplasia involved the mucosa of UBS in 10 cases; this may pose diagnostic problems with invasive carcinoma. Furthermore, UBS were often associated with mucosal redundancy and hypertrophy of the muscularis propria, therefore mimicking muscle invasive cancer on pelvic examination and imaging techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Recognition of UBS is important to pathologically and clinically avoid over-staging of bladder malignancies.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".