Planktonic predation risk varies with prey life history stage and diurnal phase
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Predation risk is believed to shape many aspects of the behavior, morphology and life history of marine organisms.The timing of synchronous larval release, postlarval migrations to adult habitat and diurnal vertical migrations are all considered adaptations to predictable variations in predation risk.However, despite the fact that predation risk is expected to vary predictably over time, this variation remains poorly understood for planktonic animals in the field.In this study, we conducted dock-based predation risk assays using tethered brine shrimp Artemia franciscana.We tested for the combined effects of prey life history stage and diurnal phase by measuring loss of adult and larval tethered individuals.We sampled during day and night, and during large and small amplitude tides on the Pacific coast of Panama.On the Caribbean coast of Panama and the Atlantic coast of Florida (where tidal amplitude is smaller), we sampled during day and night but did not test for an effect of tidal amplitude.Although predation risk differed between sites, the trends were the same at all 3 docks.Predation risk was significantly higher during the day than at night for larvae, whereas adults experienced the opposite trend in risk across the diurnal cycle, although the difference was not significant.Our results demonstrate a temporal gradient in planktonic predation risk across the diurnal cycle that depends on prey life history stage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".