Load Sharing Within a Human Lumbar Vertebral Body Using the Finite Element Method
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: A finite element parametric study was performed to investigate the structural roles of the vertebral cortical shell and the trabecular centrum. OBJECTIVES: To address the debated issue of the relative load-carrying role of the vertebral cortical shell. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Several experimental and computational studies have been aimed at quantifying the load-carrying roles of the human vertebral cortical shell and trabecular centrum. These studies, however, have supported no consensus. METHODS: A finite element model of three lumbar vertebral bodies was developed to predict the fraction of the total compressive load acting on the lumbar vertebral body, under two different loading conditions, that was supported by the cortical shell. Parametric variations in vertebral material and geometric properties were examined to determine how this fraction was influenced by such changes. RESULTS: The fraction of the compressive load supported by the cortical shell was found to be strongly dependent on the distance from the endplate, increasing from about 34% at either endplate to approximately 63% at the midtransverse plane. This fraction was independent of the loading characteristics, proportional to the properties of the cortex, and inversely proportional to the modulus of the centrum. Additionally, the cortical shell force fraction was affected significantly by changes in the overall vertebral geometry. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that the structural dominance of the cortical shell and centrum alternate depending on the location within the vertebral body. However, as age-related bone loss progresses, the load-carrying role of the cortical shell could increase significantly.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".