The effect of ionic strength on surfactant-induced unsaturated flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effect of ionic strength of soil water on surfactant-induced unsaturated flow is investigated for the anionic surfactant DOWFAX 8390. Instrumented infiltration experiments were performed to study the impact of surfactant and ionic strength of the soil-water solution on unsaturated flow. A solution having a measured surface tension of 68 mN/m was prepared with 0.014% w/w DOWFAX using distilled water and applied to the soil column instrumented with time domain reflectometry probes and pressure transducer equipped tensiometers. Results of the experiment were compared with those of pure water to investigate surfactant-induced flow and the corresponding influence of the ionic strength of soil water. The DOWFAX solution behaved like a solution having a surface tension of 49 mN/m, which was directly attributed to the interaction between the surfactant and soil water. Soil-moisture characteristic curves for soil wetted with water and DOWFAX were also measured, and a scaling relationship as a function of reduced surface tension is proposed.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".