Psychotropic Drug Use Before And During Physical Restraint For Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adults
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Physical restraint (PR) is common in Canadian intensive care units (ICUs); used in up to 76% of mechanically ventilated patients.[ 1 ] Psychotropic drugs may minimize PR used for agitation, promoting patient safety and preventing treatment interference. No data describes the psychotropic drug use around the time of PR application. To characterize alterations to psychotropic drug regimens 1 hour prior and 6 hours after PR application for critically ill, mechanically ventilated adults. Prospective single centre observational study (Feb 2014 to Jan 2015). Eligible patients were physically restrained while receiving mechanical ventilation. Psychotropic drug data were collected 1 hour before PR and for 6 hours after PR. We recorded PR indications, psychotropic drug interventions including new drug initiation, dose increase, dose decrease, and drug cessation. We documented total duration of PR, Sedation Agitation Scale (SAS) scores and presence of delirium (Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist score ≥4). We used McNemar's tests to compare across time points. We enrolled 93 patients meeting our inclusion criteria. Mean age 59 years, 53% male, and 65% medical admissions. Median (IQR) mechanical ventilation duration was 5 (2, 9) days. 111 indications for PR included prevention of treatment interference (90, 81%), agitation (13, 12%), physical violence towards staff (5, 5%), and self-harm (3, 3%). Median (IQR) duration of restraint application was 21 (9, 70) hours. of the 69 patients with delirium screening documented, 23 (33%) were delirious. More patients received a psychotropic drug intervention after PR (52 vs 80, P < 0.001) and more patients received an opioid after PR (19 vs 50, P < 0.001). Use of other drugs did not differ (Table 1 ). Sedation profile of the 51 patients with SAS scores documented pre and post is shown in Table 2 . Adverse events during PR were uncommon with unintentional device removal in 7 (8%) patients. Psychotropic drug interventions were more common after PR application with opioids used most frequently suggesting priority of analgesia over sedation. Most patients had a SAS score indicating appropriate or oversedation in the hour prior suggesting PR was used more often as a preemptive approach.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.024 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".