Co-gasification of Biomass and Non-biomass Feedstocks: Synergistic and Inhibition Effects of Switchgrass Mixed with Sub-bituminous Coal and Fluid Coke During CO<sub>2</sub> Gasification
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Co-gasification of biomass, namely, switchgrass, with coal and fluid coke was performed to investigate the availability of the gasification catalysts to the mixed feedstock, especially alkali and alkaline earth elements, naturally present on switchgrass. Rates of CO 2 gasification of the single and mixed materials were measured at temperatures between 750 and 950 °C and atmospheric pressure by thermogravimetry. High interparticle mobility of the catalysts is indicated by a prompt and lasting effect on the mixed feed gasification rate when compared with the separate rates. The switchgrass–coal mixtures show a deactivation (antagonism), attributed to sequestration of the mobile alkali elements by reaction with aluminosilicate minerals in coal to form inactive alkali aluminosilicates, such as KAlSi 3 O 8 and KAlSiO 4 . Remaining catalytic activity is evident when excess alkali is present in the feed mixture to satisfy the stoichiometric requirements of these deactivation reactions. In co-gasification of switchgrass with fluid coke, which has little interfering inorganic matter, a synergism is noted in the gasification of the mixed feed. The results document the effects of fuel mixture, composition of the coal or coke ash, and the gasification temperature on this behavior.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it