The O<sub>2</sub>(b<sup>1</sup>Σ) dayglow emissions: application to middle and upper atmosphere remote sensing <sup>1</sup>This article is part of a Special issue that honours the work of Dr. Donald M. Hunten FRSC who passed away in December 2010 after a very illustrious career.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The O 2 atmospheric band transition is observed in the altitude region between ∼40 and 200 km in the dayglow and between ∼80 and 100 km in the nightglow. Wallace and Hunten (J. Geophys. Res. 73, 4813 (1968)) presented the first detailed analysis of the sources and sinks of this O 2 airglow emitting state. Because of its extended altitude coverage, bright signal, and spectral and photometric properties, this emission provides an important means to remotely sense the thermal, dynamical, and compositional structures of the upper atmosphere. In this paper we present a photochemical and emission–absorption model that calculates the spectral brightnesses of the four brightest vibrational manifolds of this band system that, for the first time, extends from the mesosphere to the thermosphere. This model incorporates the latest rate constants, cross sections, and spectral parameters relevant to this emission, some of which were not considered in previous remote sensing retrieval applications. The model results are compared with our previous rocket experiments to assess the utility of this emission for upper atmospheric remote sensing and to identify key future measurement challenges. This model, together with improved instrument capabilities, permits us to study the atmosphere from 40 up to 200 km, a region where the strongest coupling between the lower atmosphere and upper atmosphere occurs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".