Antimicrobial resistance patterns and characterization of integrons in clinical isolates of <i>Shigella</i> from China
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One hundred fifty-three Shigella isolates were examined for multiple antibiotic resistance phenotypes and prevalence of class 1 and class 2 integron sequences. The gene cassettes dfrA17-aadA5, dfrA12-orfF-aadA2, and arr-3-aacA4 were found in typical class 1 integrons. The gene cassettes blaOXA-1-aadA1 and dfrA1-sat1-aadA1 were detected in atypical class 1 integrons and in class 2 integrons, respectively. This is the first report of arr-3-aacA4 cassette detected in typical class 1 integrons among Shigella isolates. Rates of antibiotic resistance were different between integron-positive and integron-negative strains (P < 0.05), and all integron-positive isolates were resistant to at least 3 different antimicrobial agents. Typical class 1 integron-positive isolates showed higher resistance rates to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin than did integron-negative ones (P < 0.05). Typical class 1 integrons and β-lactamase genes were found in conjugative plasmids, otherwise class 2 and atypical class 1 integrons were located on chromosome. This study demonstrated the wide distribution of class 1 integrons in Shigella spp., which may lead resistance to cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin in China.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".