3-D Simulations of the Bubble Formation From a Submerged Orifice in Liquid Cross-Flow
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The results are presented from a 3-D simulation of the bubble formation from a submerged orifice in liquid cross-flow. VOF model is used for the simulations. The VOF equation is solved using an explicit time-marching scheme. A second order upwind differencing scheme is applied for the solution of momentum equation. The pressure-implicit with splitting of operators (PISO) scheme is used for the pressure-velocity-coupling scheme. Pressure is discretized with a PRESTO scheme. The computational domain has the dimensions of 100 mm length, 50 mm width and 16 mm height with an orifice of 0.25 mm radius, placed at the bottom of the channel and 10 cm from the water inlet. The water inlet velocity of 0.05 and 0.136 m/s and air inlet mass flow rate of 10−6 and 10−5 kg/s are considered. The simulation results are compared with the experimentally acquired images of the bubbles in the cross-flow stream using a high speed camera (3000 fps). A good agreement with respect to bubble shape and bubble terminal velocity is observed between the experimental and simulation results for both cases. The 3-D numerical model is compared with the 2-D model in order to highlight and emphasize the need for 3-D model to correctly simulate the dynamics of such flow configurations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".