The Expression Analysis of Hexokinase 1 Gene in the Pumwani Commercial Sex Worker Cohort, Nairobi, Kenya
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Altered susceptibility to HIV-1 infection has been observed in a commercial sex worker (CSW) cohort in Nairobi, Kenya, where a subset of women are classified as HIV-1 exposed yet seronegative (HESN). A gene expression analysis conducted showed differential regulation of the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway in HESN CSWs. The first and potentially critical regulatory step in glucose metabolism is its entry into lymphocytes, where glucose binds to Hexokinase-1 that prevents it from leaking out. Together with the Glucose Transporter 1, Hexokinase-1 regulates the first rate-limiting steps of the entire glucose metabolism by phosphorylating glucose into glucose-6-phosphate, which is the starting material for glycolysis. \n \nMethods: The study population was randomly selected from the Pumwani Sex Worker Cohort, Nairobi including: HIV highly exposed yet seronegative (HESNs) CSWs (>7 years); newly enrolled HIV-uninfected (<3 years) CSWs, 85% of whom would likely seroconvert to HIV-1 positive; and lowly-exposed HIV negative antenatal clinic attendees with low exposure to HIV. Total RNA was extracted from PBMCs using Trizol; cellular Hexokinase-1 mRNA levels were quantified by quantitative real time PCR using SYBR Green. Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U Test. Differences were considered to be significant if P<0.05. Each assay was normalized using 18s rRNA gene. \n \nResults: We observed significantly lower level of Hexokinase-1 mRNA expression in HESNs when compared to that in newly enrolled HIV uninfected CSWs (Hexokinase-1 p=0.0323). \n \nFurthermore, the levels of Hexokinase-1 mRNA in HESN and the HIV negative antenatal clinic attendees were quite similar (Hexokinase-1 p=0.6448). \n \nConclusions: Lower expression of Hexokinase-1 in HESN might suggest lower regulation of glucose uptake. Hexokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme in the glycolysis pathway. Following studies of expression and uptake are underway to understand its role in glucose metabolism in HIV resistance.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".