Role of Pb(II) Defects in the Mechanism of Dissolution of Plattnerite (β-PbO<sub>2</sub>) in Water under Depleting Chlorine Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Destabilization of lead corrosion scales present in plumbing materials used in water distribution systems results in elevated lead concentrations in drinking water. Soluble lead release caused by changes in water chemistry has been linked to dissolution of lead carbonate and/or lead oxide solid phases. Although prior studies have examined the effects of varying water chemistry on the dissolution of plattnerite (β-PbO2), β-PbO2 dissolution under depleting chlorine conditions is poorly understood. This paper reports results obtained for long-term batch dissolution experiments for solid phase β-PbO2 under depleting chlorine conditions. Results indicate that the initial availability of free chlorine effectively depresses dissolved lead concentrations released from β-PbO2. However, the dissolved lead levels remained low (∼4 μg/L) even after free chlorine was depleted. Detailed spectroscopic characterization of solid samples collected during the β-PbO2 experiments indicates that changes in the electronic structure of PbO2 occurred during the dissolution. This further points out that Pb2+ defects present in crystalline β-PbO2 play a dominant role in the dissolution of this solid phase.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".