Testing Two High Heat Flux Liquid Nitrogen Jet Impingement Evaporative Coolers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the efficiency of high power components, such as doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (YAG) laser amplifiers, improves dramatically at cryogenic temperatures, a cooling system capable of high performance at cryogenic temperatures is desirable. Because of its many favorable qualities, pool boiling liquid nitrogen (LN2) is the cryogenic cooling system of choice. However, as the power density of systems increases and laser systems migrate to agile hosts; the limitations of pool boiling become more restrictive. To expand beyond the flux and orientation limits of LN2 pool boiling, two systems based on jet impingement were developed and tested. The first cooled fluxes up to 70 W/cm 2 at a heat load of 1500 W. It demonstrated temperature stability, variations less than 1.5 K at 60 W/cm 2 over 20 minutes. The second system provided 50 W/cm 2 cooling (500 W total) while inverted, operating against gravity.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".