O1-S03.01 Antimicrobial resistance to<i>Neisseria gonorrhoea</i>in a cohort of young men in Kisumu, Kenya: 2002–2009
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background We evaluated antimicrobial resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG) isolated from men aged 18–24 enrolled in a randomised trial of male circumcision to prevent HIV. Methods Urethral specimens were obtained from men with discharge. These were inoculated in modified Thayer-Martin agar and incubated at 37°C in 5% CO 2 for 24–48 h, with confirmation of NG colonies by standard procedures. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined by agar dilution. Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute criteria determined resistance: MIC≥2.0 μg/ml for penicillin, tetracycline, and azithromycin; ciprofloxacin MIC≥1.0 μg/ml; spectinomycin MIC≥128.0 μg/ml. Susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefixime was MIC<0.25 μg/ml. We used PCR amplification to detect mutations in the parC and gyrA genes, associated with quinolone resistance. Results From 2002 to 2009, 168 NG isolates were obtained from 142 men. Plasmid mediated penicillin resistance (PPNG) was found in 65%, plasmid mediated tetracycline resistance (TRNG) in 97%, and 11% were ciprofloxacin resistant (QRNG). QRNG appeared November 2007, increasing from 9.5% in 2007 to 50% in 2009 see Abstract O1-S03.01 table 1. Resistance was not detected for spectinomycin, cefixime, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin, but MICs of cefixime (p=0.018), ceftriaxone (p<0.001), and azithromycin (p=0.097) increased over time. In a random sample of 51 men gentamicin MIC was assessed: 4 μg/ml (n=1), 8 μg/ml (n=49), 16 μg/ml (n=1). Increased MICs were associated with urban residence, multiple recent sex partners, not using condoms. Abstract O1-S03.01 Table 1 Year Quinolone resistance n/N (%) 95% CI 2002–2006 0/89 (0.0) – 2007 2/21 (9.5) 1.2 to 30.4 2008 6/22 (27.3) 10.7 to 50.2 2009 7/14 (50.0) 23.0 to 77.0 p Value for trend <0.001 Conclusions Quinolone resistance increased rapidly and alternative treatment, such as cefixime, is required for NG in this area. Systematic surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in NG is necessary for appropriate drug choice. Increases in MICs for oral cephalosporins add to growing concern for multi-drug resistant NG. The high prevalence of PPNG and TRNG suggest strong selective pressure from background antibiotic use.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".