Preponderance of hairpin vortices detected from very-large-scale, direct numerical simulations of three flat-plate boundary layers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report high-quality flow visualization results obtained from very-large-scale direct numerical simulation (VLS DNS) of three nominally zero-pressure-gradient, smooth, incompressible, flat-plate boundary layers (ZPGFPBLs). The number of grid points is slightly over 1 billion per simulation. In all the three boundary layers, the momentumthickness Reynolds number develops continuously from 80 to approximately 2000. A unique aspect of the present VLS DNS study is its strong connection and remarkable consistency with the large body of classical ZPGFPBL experimental visualization work that began in the late 1950s, peaked in the early 1980s and still somewhat active until this day. Our VLS DNS results demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, a preponderance of hairpin vortices in ZPGFPBLs upto momentum-thickness Reynolds number 2000. Based on these results, it is possible to futher explore the kinematics and dynamics of largescale-motion (LSM) and very-large-scale-motion (VLSM) in ZPGFPBLs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".