Cyclin D1 protein overexpression and gene amplification in benign breast tissue and breast cancer risk
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyclin D1 amplification and/or protein overexpression have been observed not only in breast cancer but also in the putative early stages of breast neoplasia. In a case-control study nested within a cohort of 4888 women, we investigated whether the occurrence of cyclin D1 gene amplification and/or protein overexpression in benign breast tissue might identify women at increased risk of subsequent breast cancer development. Cases were 92 women with a histological diagnosis of benign breast disease who subsequently developed breast cancer. Five controls (women with benign breast disease who had not developed breast cancer by the date of diagnosis of the corresponding case) were selected randomly for each case from those non-cases available within strata defined by screening centre, National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) study arm, year of birth and age at diagnosis of benign breast disease. Paraffin blocks of benign tissue were suitable for immunostaining for 71 cases and 293 controls. Sufficient DNA for analysis was obtained from a total of 356 subjects (69 cases, 287 controls). The benign breast tissues and breast cancers were immunostained for cyclin D1 and also analysed for the presence of cyclin D1 gene amplification by differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fifteen cases and 60 controls showed evidence of cyclin D1 immunostaining, and 12 cases and 29 controls showed cyclin DL gene amplification. There was essentially no association between cyclin D1 protein overexpression in benign breast tissue and risk of subsequent breast cancer (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.06; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-2.02). After adjustment for potential confounding, there was a statistically non-significant 40% increase in risk of breast cancer in association with cyclin D1 gene amplification (adjusted OR 1.41; 95% CI 0.62-3.22). As multiple genetic changes are required to develop breast cancer, it may not be until the cascade of molecular alterations leading to breast cancer development is understood that identification of biomarkers of breast cancer risk will be possible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".