Hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of two tempered martensitic steel alloys for high-strength bolting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement threshold curves were derived for two quenched and tempered steel grades, AISI 4135 and AISI 4340, at varying hardness ranging from 33 to 54 HRC. For each material, hydrogen was introduced (i) by zinc electroplating as a worst case condition for internal hydrogen embrittlement and (ii) by imposing cathodic potential of −1.2 V as a worst case condition for environmental hydrogen embrittlement. Overall, AISI 4135 exhibited lower thresholds than AISI 4340, making it the more susceptible of the two alloys. The findings demonstrate although hardness and/or strength have a first-order effect on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility, difference in chemistry leading to differences microstructural characteristics must also be considered. Below hardness of 39 HRC, both alloys were not susceptible to internal hydrogen embrittlement, a finding that is consistent with common industry practice and fastener electroplating standards that do not mandate baking of electroplated fasteners with specified hardness below 39 HRC.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".